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Aghanim, N. and Ashdown, M. and Aumont, J. and Baccigalupi, C. and Ballardini, M. and Banday, A.J. and Barreiro, R.B. and Bartolo, N. and Basak, S. and Battye, R. and Benabed, K. and Bernard, J.-P. and Bersanelli, M. and Bielewicz, P. and Bock, J.J. and Bonaldi, A. and Bonavera, L. and Bond, J.R. and Borrill, J. and Bouchet, F.R. and Boulanger, F. and Bucher, M. and Burigana, C. and Butler, R.C. and Calabrese, E. and Cardoso, J.-F. and Carron, J. and Challinor, A. and Chiang, H.C. and Colombo, L.P.L. and Combet, C. and Comis, B. and Coulais, A. and Crill, B.P. and Curto, A. and Cuttaia, F. and Davis, R.J. and de Bernardis, P. and de Rosa, A. and de Zotti, G. and Delabrouille, J. and Delouis, J.-M. and Di Valentino, E. and Dickinson, C. and Diego, J.M. and Doré, O. and Douspis, M. and Ducout, A. and Dupac, X. and Efstathiou, G. and Elsner, F. and Enßlin, T.A. and Eriksen, H.K. and Falgarone, E. and Fantaye, Y. and Finelli, F. and Forastieri, F. and Frailis, M. and Fraisse, A.A. and Franceschi, E. and Frolov, A. and Galeotta, S. and Galli, S. and Ganga, K. and Génova-Santos, R.T. and Gerbino, M. and Ghosh, T. and González-Nuevo, J. and Górski, K.M. and Gratton, S. and Gruppuso, A. and Gudmundsson, J.E. and Hansen, F.K. and Helou, G. and Henrot-Versillé, S. and Herranz, D. and Hivon, E. and Huang, Z. and Ilić, S. and Jaffe, A.H. and Jones, W.C. and Keihänen, E. and Keskitalo, R. and Kisner, T.S. and Knox, L. and Krachmalnicoff, N. and Kunz, M. and Kurki-Suonio, H. and Lagache, G. and Lamarre, J.-M. and Langer, M. and Lasenby, A. and Lattanzi, M. and Lawrence, C.R. and Le Jeune, M. and Leahy, J.P. and Levrier, F. and Liguori, M. and Lilje, P.B. and López-Caniego, M. and Ma, Y.-Z. and Macías-Pérez, J.F. and Maggio, G. and Mangilli, A. and Maris, M. and Martin, P.G. and Martínez-González, E. and Matarrese, S. and Mauri, N. and McEwen, J.D. and Meinhold, P.R. and Melchiorri, A. and Mennella, A. and Migliaccio, M. and Miville-Deschênes, M.-A. and Molinari, D. and Moneti, A. and Montier, L. and Morgante, G. and Moss, A. and Mottet, S. and Naselsky, P. and Natoli, P. and Oxborrow, C.A. and Pagano, L. and Paoletti, D. and Partridge, B. and Patanchon, G. and Patrizii, L. and Perdereau, O. and Perotto, L. and Pettorino, V. and Piacentini, F. and Plaszczynski, S. and Polastri, L. and Polenta, G. and Puget, J.-L. and Rachen, J.P. and Racine, B. and Reinecke, M. and Remazeilles, M. and Renzi, A. and Rocha, G. and Rossetti, M. and Roudier, G. and Rubiño-Martín, J.A. and Ruiz-Granados, B. and Salvati, L. and Sandri, M. and Savelainen, M. and Scott, D. and Sirri, G. and Sunyaev, R. and Suur-Uski, A.-S. and Tauber, J.A. and Tenti, M. and Toffolatti, L. and Tomasi, M. and Tristram, M. and Trombetti, T. and Valiviita, J. and Van Tent, F. and Vibert, L. and Vielva, P. and Villa, F. and Vittorio, N. and Wandelt, B.D. and Watson, R. and Wehus, I. K. and White, M. and Zacchei, A. and Zonca, A. (2016) Planck intermediate results. XLVI. Reduction of large-scale systematic effects in HFI polarization maps and estimation of the reionization optical depth. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 596 . A107/1-A107/52. ISSN 1432-0746

Abstract

This paper describes the identification, modelling, and removal of previously unexplained systematic effects in the polarization data of the Planck High Frequency Instrument (HFI) on large angular scales, including new mapmaking and calibration procedures, new and more complete end-to-end simulations, and a set of robust internal consistency checks on the resulting maps. These maps, at 100, 143, 217, and 353 GHz, are early versions of those that will be released in final form later in 2016. The improvements allow us to determine the cosmic reionization optical depth τ using, for the first time, the low-multipole EE data from HFI, reducing significantly the central value and uncertainty, and hence the upper limit. Two different likelihood procedures are used to constrain τ from two estimators of the CMB E- and B-mode angular power spectra at 100 and 143 GHz, after debiasing the spectra from a small remaining systematic contamination. These all give fully consistent results. A further consistency test is performed using cross-correlations derived from the Low Frequency Instrument maps of the Planck 2015 data release and the new HFI data. For this purpose, end-to-end analyses of systematic effects from the two instruments are used to demonstrate the near independence of their dominant systematic error residuals. The tightest result comes from the HFI-based τ posterior distribution using the maximum likelihood power spectrum estimator from EE data only, giving a value 0.055 ± 0.009. In a companion paper these results are discussed in the context of the best-fit PlanckΛCDM cosmological model and recent models of reionization.

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