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Nakafero, Georgina, Sanders, Robert D., Nguyen-Van-Tam, Jonathan S. and Myles, Puja R. (2016) The association between benzodiazepines and influenza-like illness-related pneumonia and mortality: a survival analysis using UK Primary Care data. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety . ISSN 1099-1557

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Abstract

Purpose: Bacterial superinfections, including pneumonia, are frequent complications of influenza-like illness (ILI). Clinical and laboratory evidence suggests that benzodiazepines and Z-drugs may influence susceptibility to infections and mortality. We investigated whether benzodiazepines and zopiclone modify the occurrence of ILI-related pneumonia and mortality.

Methods: We obtained data on 804 051 ILI patients from a comprehensive primary care database, the Clinical Practice Research Datalink. The follow-up period started from the diagnosis of ILI for 30 days. Pneumonia and deaths occurring within the 30-day follow-up period were considered as potentially ‘ILI related’. Exposure to benzodiazepines and zopiclone was determined in the period preceding a diagnosis of ILI with current use defined as a prescription for benzodiazepines in the month prior to ILI diagnosis. Cox regression was used for the analyses. Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) are presented.

Results: Influenza-like illness-related pneumonia and mortality were noted in 1117 and 707 ILI patients, respectively. Current exposure to benzodiazepines was associated with increased occurrence of both ILI-related pneumonia and mortality (ILI-related pneumonia adjusted HR 4.24, 95%CI [2.27, 7.95]; ILI-related mortality adjusted HR 20.69, 95%CI [15.54, 27.54]). A similar increase in ILI-related mortality but not pneumonia was observed with current zopiclone use (ILI-related mortality adjusted HR 10.86, 95%CI [6.93, 17.02]; ILI-related pneumonia adjusted HR 1.97, 95%CI [0.63, 6.12]).

Conclusion: Benzodiazepines may increase the likelihood of pneumonia and mortality related to ILI. A cautionary approach to prescribing benzodiazepine is suggested in people known to be at increased risk of pneumonia or mortality.

Item Type:	Article
RIS ID:	https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/788947
Keywords:	benzodiazepines zopiclone influenza-like illness pneumonia mortality pharmacoepidemiology
Schools/Departments:	University of Nottingham, UK > Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences > School of Medicine > Division of Epidemiology and Public Health
Identification Number:	10.1002/pds.4028
Related URLs:	URL URL Type http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pds.4028 UNSPECIFIED
Depositing User:	Claringburn, Tara
Date Deposited:	16 Jun 2016 11:31
Last Modified:	04 May 2020 17:50
URI:	https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/id/eprint/34139

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